The application of modern theories to classical works of literature is one of the basics of literary study in our time that makes the works more dynamic. One of these theories is that of C.G.Jung. Meanwhile, considering the fact that Ferdowsi’s Shahname, in its mythical, legendary and epic parts, is talented to be read by Jungian approach, the present article studies some major characters of this work, specially Rostam, based on the INDIVIDUATION PROCESS of Jung.

The two epopees, Sharafnameh (The Letter of Dignity) and Eqhbalnameh (The Letter of Luck) by Hakim Nezani Ganjavi, which are known as Eskandarnameh, are stories about the travels and wars of Alexander of Macedon. In the creation of these epopees, Nezami employs not only the historical events, but also the myths and legends, and has created a new pattern. In these two epopees, Alexander is not that famous conqueror in the history, but he is a legendary and prophet-like character whom all the earthly and unearthly forces helped through the vicissitudes of his journeys, and throughout the PROCESS of developing individuality, and the path of self- awareness. In Sharafnameh, Alexander is a sage who departed on a journey to gain wisdom. However, in Eqbalnameh he experiences an inner journey as a prophet. Psychological analysis of these two epopees indicates that this young king, encounters the elements of unconsciousness, such as: Shadow, Anima, and the Wise old man in his journeys. Eventually Alexander achieves selfhood and the sublime truth of existence. This article aims at analyzing these archetypes based on Jung’s views.

Mystical text is an area of psychological exploration that provides a cognition, albeit a small one, of the position of nearness to God; it also reveals the hidden aspects of its author spiritual dimensions and shows how he/she understands his/her Lord and how he/she approaches to God. In Jung’ s school of analytical psychology, “ the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION” is an unconscious effort to achieve mental development; it explains that human beings can never achieve the full psychological development, but can only achieve individual, comprehensive and inner experiences by recognizing the "superego". Tamhī dā t (The Preludes) a treatise written by Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, the prominent mystic of the fifth and sixth centuries AH, reflects a psychological development. The purpose of the present study is to investigate this development in the unconscious of the author of Tamhī dā t. The research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that the author, in his magnum opus, unconsciously shows the psychological development using the mystical teachings and exploring the unconscious. The unconscious influence of the archetypes, such as "Christ", "Wise old man" which eventually merge with the archetype of "shadow" and guide to light, is evident in the book; Ayn al-Quzat tries to achieve the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION and to reach "the superego" in a pure and original way.

Jackdaw Summer by David Almond, is one of the stories that were translated into Persian during the period of increasing children's literature translation in the eighties. It is the story of juvenile violence and those impressionable from environment. Using of different symbols, the author shows the crisis of puberty in adolescence, and by showing contrasts and contradictions, provides helps fictional characters achieve cognitive maturity with balance. This study is to show how one can, using the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION by Jung and relying on symbolic emphasis, present the main character's conscious encounter with neglected elements of his unconscious, which leads to the recognition of the identity of the juvenile. Thus, this study provides a psychological analysis of this story through analyzing archetypes like Shadow, Oldwise and Anima and symbols used in the story, such as knives, snakes, jackdaw and six and 5, which provide the field and suitable pattern to achieve rebirth and self- knowledge.

Nowadays, “ archetypal criticism” or “ mythical criticism” is one of the most important and the most widely used methods of contemporary literary criticism which studies the nature and characteristics of archetypes and their roles in literature. Mythical criticism has originated in Jung's thoughts and generally, it is done by referring to his ideas. Based on the Jungian INDIVIDUATION theory, the present article tries to study the romance of Homā y o Homā yun by Khā ju Kermā ni. In this story, Homā y, the hero begins his journey to China to reach Homā yun (anima). The journey of the hero to China, as the base of the story, is a symbol of PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION and of his search for self-knowledge. By activation of anima and announcing the message of continuity and unity in the hero's conscious realm, the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION of Homā y who is a young and inexperienced prince begins, and by guidance of the wise old man and eliminating difficulties and shadows and flexibility of persona, his conscious and unconscious are coordinated and finally, the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION and self-knowledge achieves successfully.

The present study is an attempt to analyze INDIVIDUATION PROCESS as an important archetype in the story "Jamshid and Khosrshid" and the difficulties and calamities that the hero of the story grapples with to establish his identity. An archetype refers to a universally understood symbol or pattern of behaviors or a generic version of personalities or persons, which is the same for all nations and cultures and was discovered by "Karl Gustav Yung" after extensive studies. INDIVIDUATION PROCESS is one of the archetypes introduced by Carl Gustav Jung. In his opinion, the essence of human (self) is not completed yet at birth, and improves gradually with time by going through INDIVIDUATION PROCESS to become what it should be. This PROCESS takes different forms and is dependent upon various individuals and cultures. Jamshid and Khorshid is a couplet poem story of a young man, following his dream about a woman, who decides to make a journey from the east to the west of the world to find her. On his way, he faces a lot of problems and obstacles such as arriving Jins' land, sinking down into a dangerous sea, battling against a dragon, fighting with Akvan-e Div, defeating his rival and Khorshid's father's disagreement. In addition to INDIVIDUATION archetype, other important archetypes like ideal form of feminine element (anima), the ideal form of a good mother, the wise old man, dragon, sea, and various numbers can be investigated, too. Jamshid Having surmounted all his inner demonic forces, the young man becomes qualified to continue the way. Also, on his way, Jamshid benefits from the help and guidance of an old, kind wise man and a fairy. Although Yung succeeded in discovering and introducing the common archetypes in dreams and myths of various nations, these archetypes are very old and their use in the stories belonging to 600 years before it shows the presence of collective unconscious in all nations and humans from past to the present.

The principle of INDIVIDUATION is one of the most important principles of metaphysics. Any being is either pure form or a mixture of matter and form. But this being possesses INDIVIDUATION as well. Can this INDIVIDUATION be attributed to its form or matter? The present article intends to discuss this principle in its historical context from Aristotle to Sadr-al- Motalehin in brief and demonstrate that, in spite of different interpretations, all philosophers and commentators should view the criterion of distinction and INDIVIDUATION of a being as to be its form and not its being.

The story of “Rostam and Sohrab” is one of the most beautiful stories of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh which has been studied on the basis of different approaches. Sohrab’s character in this story as the quester/victim hero is the core of actions in the story. His unsuccessful quest to find his father which is compatible with the pattern of growth to achieve the self/ INDIVIDUATION in Jung’s opinion has high capacity for being analyzed psychologically. In this article, based on an analytical approach, we survey the pattern of searching for INDIVIDUATION in this story according to the “PROCESS Of INDIVIDUATION” theory which is one of the most important theories of the great psychologist of the twentieth century, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1963). We also discuss the quality of the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION by Sohrab and the causes of his failure in this PROCESS as the main question of this research by analyzing the actions of Sohrab and other characters of this story in the light of Jung’s archetypes: persona, shadow, anima, the old wise man and the self. The results of this research show that Sohrab’s story and his journey to Iran in order to find Rostam is compatible with the “PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION” of Jung. Moreover, the analysis of the quality of this compatibility shows that Sohrab encounters with the archetypes of persona, shadow, anima, the old wise man and the self in his path but because of the dominance of persona, shadow, and negative anima and not understanding the massages of positive anima and the old wise man, he cannot complete the PROCESS of INDIVIDUATION and achieve his father/self/wholeness.

In mystical thought, in addition to high position of "love" as a place for famous characters, there is a "beloved" position which is considered as a place for hidden and mystic characters. Examining the theories of the great Sufis from the beginning up to the end of the 7th century AD, it can be claimed that there is such a viewpoint about different steps of love in the works by Ahmad al-Ghazali, 'Ain al-Quzat Hamedani, Roozbehan Baghi Shirazi, Shams Tabrizi and Sultan Walad, derived from the phrase "یُحِبُّهم" (He loves them), a Quranic term that has repeated in a hadith from the Holy Prophet (pbuh). In comparison with the position of "lover", "beloved" places in a very higher position in transcendental mystical thought. At the level of love for God, the wayfarer comes to a place in which the position of lover and beloved changes, and this will be the time God loves the creature, and he stands on the position of beloved one. Anyone who wants to achieve such a position should meet someone who has already reached the position of beloved. According to Sultan Walad, Shams Tabrizi is one of those who has already reached the position of beloved, and Mowlana is also attained this position after meeting him. By studying Mowlavi's life as an example, and adapting the procedure he passed to get the "beloved position" to what was introduced by Jung as INDIVIDUATION PROCESS (exploring the shadow, emerging of anima, personification of the wise), it can be concluded that these two PROCESSes are adaptable, and Shams Tabrizi, as a wise man, has brought about the evolution of Mowlavi's personality and his rebirth.

Duns Scouts the famous theologian of thirteen century under the influence of Avecina’s doctorine of “Nature” on the basis of hierarchy of the unity presents a hypothesis and describes the unconditioned nature as minor unity and individual entities as numerical unity. As a celeberating hypothesis of “distinct forms” it accounts with the haeccity as the criterion of individuality of external entities. Mutual examination of the fundamental principlse of both philosophers; this article explains the deficiencies of Scotus’s approach.